The main reason people are afraid to admit there are differences among the races -or even admit that race is a biological reality and not a social construct- is because it conjures up sentiments of ‘superiority’ and reminds people of Hitler’s Germany.
They think, “Well, if there are racial differences, then that means that some races are better than others, and I don’t want to go there.” It’s better to just ignore any differences and acquiesce to the pressure of their peers and claim we are all exactly the same; we are all one.
Scientists and professors are human. We all make mistakes. Rather than admit the truth about race, they prefer to ignore the vast amount of evidence on racial differences, mostly so they don’t have to live in fear of potentially being called a ‘racist’.
The following are peer reviewed studies that suggest that there exists many differences among the various races of mankind. If you want to call me a racist, that’s fine, you can do so in the comments but facts are facts.
The Genetic/Biological Basis of Racial Differences
Philosophy of Science That Ignores Science: Race, IQ and Heritability (National Academy of Sciences)
Philosophers of science widely believe that the hereditarian theory about racial differences in IQ is based on methodological mistakes and confusions involving the concept of heritability. I argue that this “received view” is wrong: methodological criticisms popular among philosophers are seriously misconceived, and the discussion in philosophy of science about these matters is largely disconnected from the real, empirically complex issues debated in science.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/392856
“It’s a concept we think is too crude to provide useful information, it’s a concept that has social meaning that interferes in the scientific understanding of human genetic diversity and it’s a concept that we are not the first to call upon moving away from,” said Michael Yudell, a professor of public health at Drexel University in Philadelphia.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/
The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart – bio.utexas.edu (Differences in intelligence are not all cultural)
http://www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/kalthoff/bio346/PDF/Readings/14Bouchard(1990).pdf
THE CULTURAL MALLEABILITY OF INTELLIGENCE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RACIAL/ETHNIC HIERARCHY – Lisa Suzuki and Joshua Aronson – New York University
http://www1.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/30years/Suzuki-Aronson-commentary-on-30years.pdf
The heritability of IQ (a study of twins and siblings)
“Meta-analysis of 212 previous studies shows that our ‘maternal-effects’ model fits the data better than the ‘family-environments’ model.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v388/n6641/full/388468a0.html?foxtrotcallback=true
Ethnic Differences in Sleep, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndromes
African Americans sleep on average almost an hour less than do Euro Americans. The two groups have mean sleep times of 6.05 hours and 6.85 hours. This finding has recently been discussed by Brian Resnick in National Journal
http://www.unz.com/pfrost/the-missing-hour-of-sleep/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390283
Ethnic difference in periodic limb movements in children.
“Epidemiological studies have suggested that ethnicity is a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and that African-American children are three times more likely than Caucasian children to have SDB.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17368099
Racial Differences in Home Dialysis Utilization and Outcomes in Canada.
“Compared with whites, treatment with home dialysis was lower among Aboriginals and higher in Asians and others but similar in blacks and subcontinent Indians. Black and Aboriginal patients treated with peritoneal dialysis had a significantly higher adjusted risk of technique failure compared with whites, whereas Asians had a lower risk.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835369
“Hispanics in particular are at elevated risk for liver fat accumulation because of the higher frequency of genetic variants such as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) and glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR).”
http://corc.usc.edu/pdf/MCO200801.pdf
Ethnic differences in peripheral skeletal development among urban South African adolescents
“The aim of this study was to compare skeletal development in black and white South African adolescents…By four years post APHV, white adolescents had significantly greater cortical CSA and SSIp than black adolescents at the radius. … …At the tibia, white adolescents had lower diaphyseal CSA and SSIp, and greater metaphyseal CSA …There are ethnic differences in bone growth and development, independent of maturation, in South African adolescents.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28834567
Differences Are Important: Breast Cancer Therapy in Different Ethnic Groups
“Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among Asian women. …The premise of interethnic variability is further corroborated by reports of differential drug metabolism of agents other than palbociclib, such as tamoxifen, through the CYP complex. For instance, as many as 30% of whites are poor metabolizers of tamoxifen given the predominance of the CYP2D6*4 allele (rare among Asians); conversely, 38% to 70% of Asians are intermediate metabolizers of tamoxifen given CYP2D6*10 allele presence (rare among non-Asians)..Asian patients had higher rates of grade 3 and 4 neutropenia compared with non-Asians.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560466/
Black women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have increased risk for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease compared with white women with PCOS (American Society for Reproductive Medicine)
http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(13)03253-6/abstract
Metabolic differences between race and sex
“Recent reports have identified a lower resting metabolic rate in African Americans than in whites”
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/70/1/13.full
Fat oxidation is lower in black than white men and in African American men/women and white men/women, they have a lower metabolic rate!!
“Total daily energy expenditure was 10% lower (P < 0.01) in African-Americans compared with Caucasians due to a 5% lower resting metabolic rate (P < 0.01) and 19% lower physical activity energy expenditure “
Brain size matters
http://www.euvolution.com/articles/brainsize.html
Brain size, IQ, and racial-group differences: Evidence from musculoskeletal traits
“A review of the world literature on brain size and IQ by Rushton [Rushton, J. P. (1995). Race, evolution, and behavior: a life history perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction] found that African-descended people (Blacks) average cranial capacities of 1267 cm3, European-descended people (Whites) 1347 cm3, and East Asian-descended people (East Asians) 1364 cm3. These brain size differences, containing millions of brain cells and hundreds of millions of synapses, were hypothesized to underlie the race differences on IQ tests, in which Blacks average an IQ of 85, Whites 100, and East Asians 106……….Across the three populations, the “ecological correlations” [Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor. Westport, CT: Praeger] between brain size and the 37 morphological traits averaged a remarkable r = .94; ρ = .94. If the races did not differ in brain size, these correlations could not have been found. It must be concluded that the race differences in average brain size are securely established. As such, brain size-related variables provide the most likely biological mediators of the race differences in intelligence.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028960200137X
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.472.2731
The association between brain volume and intelligence is of genetic origin
“The recent study by Thompson and colleagues1 reported high heritability of gray-matter volume in several cortical regions using voxel-based MRI techniques. Gray matter substantially correlated with general intelligence, or ‘g’.
https://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n2/full/nn0202-83.html
Genetics of brain structure and intelligence.
“Genetic influences on brain morphology and IQ are well studied. …. A measure of cognitive ability, known as g, has been shown highly heritable across many studies. We argue that these genetic links are partly mediated by brain structure that is likewise under strong genetic control. Other factors, such as the environment, obviously play a role, but the predominant determinant appears to be genetic.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15651931
Genes for susceptibility to violence lurk in the brain (National Academy of Sciences)
“ The political, social, or economic causes of violence are well studied, but more recently the awareness has grown that biological causes, which may explain individual differences in predisposition to violence, also need to be investigated. … A wealth of twin and adoption studies confirms that individual differences in violent/antisocial behavior are heritable (5). It is unlikely that genes directly code for violence; rather, allelic variation is responsible for individual differences in neurocognitive functioning that, in turn, may determine differential predisposition to violent behavior.”
http://www.pnas.org/content/103/16/6085.full
AGGRESSIVENESS, CRIMINALITY AND SEX DRIVE BY RACE, GENDER AND ETHNICITY
http://www.lagriffedulion.f2s.com/fuzzy.htm
Genetic Influence on Human Psychological Traits (Sage Journals)
“There is now a large body of evidence that supports the conclusion that individual differences in most, if not all, reliably measured psychological traits, normal and abnormal, are substantively influenced by genetic factors. “
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00295.x
Browse the medical literature yourself:
It is full of evidence that shows biological differences between the various races:
Search US National Library of Medicine – National Institutes of Health Search database (pub.gov)
Search for “ethnic differences”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=ethnic+differences
Search for “racial differences”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=racial+differences
Extra links & and the 99.9% similar DNA fallacy
https://www.amren.com/ar/1999/10/index.html#cover
https://www.amren.com/news/2016/08/the-biological-reality-of-race-2/
http://www.harbornet.com/folks/theedrich/JP_Rushton/Race.htm
Racial Differences
Miscegenation Problems
https://pastelink.net/miscegenationproblems
Bone Marrow Donor Matching for Patients of Mixed Race
“Two individuals are far more likely be a match if they are of the same race.
http://www.indiana.edu/~econdept/workshops/Fall_2009_Papers/Mixedrace3.pdf
“At a time when the number of multiracial Americans is rising, only a tiny fraction of donors on the national bone-marrow registry are of mixed race. The National Marrow Donor Program is trying to change that by seeking more diverse donors for patients suffering from leukemia, lymphoma and other blood diseases.
“The truth is, when people of different backgrounds marry and produce offspring, it creates more types that are harder to match,” said Michelle Setterholm, the program’s director of scientific services. “The probability just gets lower when you have people of mixed ancestral DNA.”
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marrow-donors-rare-for-mixed-race-patients/
Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient–Physician Communication During Medical Visits
The existence of racial/ethnic health disparities in health care in the United States is largely undisputed.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448596/
Multiracial persons are often confronted with issues surrounding visual ambiguity, identity confusion, rejection from familial or ethnic groups, and inability to identify with every component of a diverse racial background due to societal pressures
We learned from the Human Genome Project that we are all genetically 99.9 percent alike. However, given that each person’s genome contains 6 billion bases of DNA, a 0.1 percent difference represents 6 million locations that differ between two individuals’ DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600806/
“The Problem With Race Based Medicine” (When you view race as a social construct)
http://tedmed.com/talks/show?id=530900
The myth that we are 99.9% the same
It “can be something close to professional suicide” for researchers to even suggest race exists, psychiatrist Sally Satel wrote in the Dec. 2001-Jan. 2002 issue of the magazine Policy Review.
Sept. 3, 2007
Special to World Science .
A renowned scientist has backed off a finding that he, joined by others, long touted as evidence for what they called a proven fact: that racial differences among people are imaginary.That idea—entrenched today in academia, and often used to castigate scholars who study race—has drawn much of its scientific backing from a finding that all people are 99.9 percent genetically alike.
But geneticist Craig Venter, head of a research team that reported that figure in 2001, backed off it in an announcement this week. He said human variation now turns out to be over seven times greater than was thought… …In a teleconference on Monday, Venter and colleagues announced their revised assessment of human diversity, based on a study of Venter’s own DNA. It was the first “diploid” genome published to date, said Venter and members of his research team at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Md. This means it was the first listing of the sequence of letters of genetic code from both of a person’s chromosome sets, the genes inherited from the mother and the father.
The findings reveal “human-to-human variation is more than seven-fold greater than earlier estimates, proving that we are in fact very unique individuals at the genetic level,” Venter said. The 99.9 figure might need to be lowered to about 99, he added. …The original estimate showing near-zero variability in the genome, a product of the Human Genome Project, was a result of the different technology used for that work, said a colleague of Venter’s, Stephen Scherer of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto.
The technique originally used, Scherer said, could read the sequence of letters of a genetic code. But it couldn’t detect repetitions of some parts of the code, which also occur. Differences in the number of these repetitions, called copy number variants, have since turned out to account for much of the variation in a species’ DNA.
http://www.world-science.net/othernews/070904_human-variation.htm
Ever since researchers sequenced the chimp genome in 2005, they have known that humans share about 99% of our DNA with chimpanzees, making them our closest living relatives.
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/06/bonobos-join-chimps-closest-human-relatives
“A longstanding orthodoxy among social scientists holds that human races are a social construct and have no biological basis. A related assumption is that human evolution halted in the distant past, so long ago that evolutionary explanations need never be considered by historians or economists.
In the decade since the decoding of the human genome, a growing wealth of data has made clear that these two positions, never at all likely to begin with, are simply incorrect. There is indeed a biological basis for race. “
http://time.com/91081/what-science-says-about-race-and-genetics/
99%?
I think there tends to be a big mis-understanding of what that number means. When you hear that number you assume that 99% of the information in each person is the same. But we don’t understand how much or how the DNA molecule stores information.
When they say “same DNA”, generally they are talking about the sequence of amino acids are 99% the same. But we have VERY LITTLE IDEA how information is stored in them and what the limitations or lack of limitations in that information are. We know that the same code can store vastly different information -David Kincade
You may have heard that humans are 99.9% the same as each other. Well, not anymore.
New research is showing that we are less alike than this. There isn’t an exact number yet but the new number is probably somewhere between 99.0 and 99.9%.
http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news38
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6174510.stm
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7118/abs/nature05329.html
Most studies indicate that when genomic regions are compared between chimpanzees and humans, they share about 98.5 percent sequence identity.
Given the very strong similarity between the chimpanzee and human genomes, many people wonder how we can be so different. At this point, there have been only a few isolated examples of genes that are functionally present in chimpanzees but not in humans, and vice versa. Thus, chimps and humans may share as many as 99.9 percent of the same genes with most of those genes being 99 percent similar in their sequences.
Relatively small genetic changes can produce major phenotypic changes.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-does-the-fact-that-w/
We have generated an independently assembled diploid human genomic DNA sequence from both chromosomes of a single individual (J. Craig Venter). Our approach, based on whole-genome shotgun sequencing and using enhanced genome assembly strategies and software, generated an assembled genome over half of which is represented in large diploid segments (>200 kilobases), enabling study of the diploid genome. Comparison with previous reference human genome sequences, which were composites comprising multiple humans, revealed that the majority of genomic alterations are the well-studied class of variants based on single nucleotides (SNPs). However, the results also reveal that lesser-studied genomic variants, insertions and deletions, while comprising a minority (22%) of genomic variation events, actually account for almost 74% of variant nucleotides. Inclusion of insertion and deletion genetic variation into our estimates of interchromosomal difference reveals that only 99.5% similarity exists between the two chromosomal copies of an individual and that genetic variation between two individuals is as much as five times higher than previously estimated. The existence of a well-characterized diploid human genome sequence provides a starting point for future individual genome comparisons and enables the emerging era of individualized genomic information.
http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254
Youtube Playlist – Race: Unique Expressions of Mankind
In Conclusion
The answer is inescapable; it’s because race is not a social construct, but a biological reality.
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is IQ like adiposity, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, cholesterol, etc. or is it like height? the former have been found to be as heritable as IQ in some studies, yet there is a known environmental change such that none will be fat, there will be no high blood pressure, no high cholesterol, no type ii diabetes. it works for everyone. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/17/6659.full
this is the yuge problem with the heritability statistic. it is just a correlation. though the heritability figure may vary little, the genes responsible may. a given heritability figure applies only to the population under study at a particular time in a particular place. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_norm
specifically, heritability is square of the coeffecient of G in the planar approximation to the P(G, E) surface. P = hG + sqrt(1 – h^2)E. here P = phenotype, G = genes, E = environment, h^2 = heritability.
there is no reason to suppose that the P(G, E) surface is planar, but like all smooth surfaces it can be approximated by a plane within a small region defined by small ranges of environment and genes.
now you understand more than any of the behavior genetics folks. and those philosophers who have investigated this concept understand it better than and psychologist. psychology professors are dumb.
when it is said “race is a social construct” this doesn’t mean it isn’t biological also. it’s just a way of saying, “race isn’t what racists think it is.” it’s stupid, i agree. as species of mammals go humans have very little genetic variation. chimps in the same troop can be more distant genetically than a swede and a hottentot. this is because humans are a recent species. it is also hypothesized that at some time long after the first human there was a population bottleneck. that is, the species nearly went extinct.
That has been debunked in the article. Just because there is little variation between one set of genes, does not mean there are not huge differences between the races. Read the part on 99%.. ——99%?
I think there tends to be a big mis-understanding of what that number means. When you hear that number you assume that 99% of the information in each person is the same. But we don’t understand how much or how the DNA molecule stores information.
When they say “same DNA”, generally they are talking about the sequence of amino acids are 99% the same. But we have VERY LITTLE IDEA how information is stored in them and what the limitations or lack of limitations in that information are. We know that the same code can store vastly different information -David Kincade
https://www.quora.com/Is-that-true-that-all-humans-share-99-the-same-DNA-no-matter-how-different-two-people-are
I agree there are physical differences between the different ‘races’, but really we are part of the same HUMAN race. For example: dogs are dogs – they are different breeds, but can mate and produce fertile offspring between breeds. Humans are humans: there are different “races” (breeds), but they can mate and produce fertile offspring. We are all one human race having a spiritual experience on planet earth.
That is called the naturalistic fallacy; just because something can be done in nature does not mean it should be done. Take mules for example. They are a combination of horses and donkeys. They can mate, but the offspring (mule) is fertile for the most part. Nature has a way of correcting mistakes. As in the case with different races mating, their offspring is less healthy, has psychologoical issues, etc. It goes on and on. The evidence for these claims is in the article.
Actually, mules are usually “IN”fertile. Only in very rare instances are mules fertile. So do you claim that any hybrid offspring, such as mules, are less healthy and deal with psychological issues? Well it turns out there’s such a thing as heterosis, or “hybrid vigor.” Mules are a great examples as they actually tend to be healthier, bearing a longer lifespan and more “intelligence” than their parent species.
Yes, thank you, I did mean to say INfertile there. As far as hybrid vigor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis it seems that inbreeding is unhealthy, and so is outbreeding too when there are major differences between the two mates. This is the case with mules and why nature made it unfruitful. God made us all different. Miscegenation has been known to be not only unhealthy but morally wrong for thousands of years. It’s only after all the propaganda that is shoved down our throats that we are second guessing our common sense.
It really depends. I’d argue inbreeding, especially in humans, is far worse than miscegenation within our species. Mules may be infertile, but still doesn’t change the fact they benefit from hybrid vigor. There are reasons why mules are bred in the first place by ranchers; they’re physically more resilient, hardened, healthier, wittier, more independent, longer lifespan, etc. than their parent species as I mentioned earlier. So there are definitely advantages to hybridization and while fertility may be an issue, they can still be bred so long as their parent species keep reproducing with each other. Then of course, there are hybrids between species or subspecies that are definitely fertile, especially when it comes to plants.
Now since your post is based on the idea that race is such an objective biological concept as if we’re not all the same species, well fertility is obviously not an issue when races mix as far as I’m concerned. We’re not that distantly related to each other. We’re still more closely related to each other than we are to Neanderthals.
Before the advent of the Boasian Anthropology the different races were generally thought to be distinct sub-species much in the same way that there are different sub-species of fox or mice, etc. Political correctness and egalitarianism has changed this for the worse. We have to believe in the lie of equality.
If all the different manifestations of a certain species amalgamated, then there would not be any diversity left to the species. Is this a good thing?
If Blacks and Whites and Chinese all amalgamated the same would happen. There would be only one type of people, and not the different kinds of people that have existed for millennia, the different kinds of people that God made.
As far as hybrid vigor, there seems to be some advantages, but the good does not outweigh the bad, which is why nature doesn’t let it happen. Why can’t mules procreate? Is it a coincidence, or does nature know what she’s doing.
This article is about the negative effects of miscegenation concerning humans. The evidence is overwhelming. It also goes against common sense. Look up the definition of genocide according to the U.N. We are in the process of genociding certain peoples.
Weigh the evidence, but don’t be stubborn as a mule in your evaluation. There is a reason we say ”healthy as a horse”, and not “healthy as a mule”, the mule, which is not capable of having offspring……
Nature knows best, don’t fuck with it.
You write: “but really we are part of the same HUMAN race.” For your information HUMANS are one species with many races.
There is nothing unhealthy or damaging about people of mixed “race” marrying or having children. Any study, even if properly conducted , can be taken out of context or spun for a particular agenda. The mule analogy doesn’t hold because people of mixed “race” are fertile. And there is no danger of one “race” being bred out of existence because that would require everyone to breed with someone of a different “race” and that won’t happen. The claim that pharmerdavid is committing the natural fallacy agrgument is being used incorrectly because email protected is using that to prove his point which it does not. It is true that just because something occurs in nature that doesn’t always mean it is true or valid, but neither does it mean it is invalid. The DNA % argument doesn’t hold either. Look at the new science of epigenetics. The “blueprint” part of genes is a relatively small part. There is a great diversity in humanity, but we aren’t different species. The great spiritual teachers of the past (Jesus, Buddha, etc) say we are all one.
1 Then Jesus went thence, and departed into the coasts of Tyre and Sidon. 22 And, behold, a woman of Canaan came out of the same coasts, and cried unto him, saying, Have mercy on me, O Lord, thou son of David; my daughter is grievously vexed with a devil. 23 But he answered her not a word. And his disciples came and besought him, saying, Send her away; for she crieth after us. 24 But he answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 25 Then came she and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me. 26 But he answered and said, It is not meet to take the children’s bread, and to cast it to dogs. 27 And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters’ table. 28 Then Jesus answered and said unto her, O woman, great is thy faith: be it unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was made whole from that very hour. Matthew 15
When you repeatedly say, “God made us all different”, you have already proven that your opinions should be taken with a pinch of salt. How can you claim that without any scientific evidence? You must think that evolution is fake too, eh? I too know that races are a biological reality, but they’re not biological species. The very existence of fertile mixed-race individuals disproves claims made by idiots like you. Yes, there are visible anatomical differences between the 4 main races (Caucasoids, Negroids, Mongoloids and Australoids), and there may be some psychological ones too, but overall the mixed-race offspring are actually ‘uebermensch’ in the sense that they have repeatedly been shown to suffer from less genetic disorders, and are often more intelligent too, owing to their education in different cultures and languages. Dogs also come in various breeds/races, but why are the mongrels consistently much more smarter, healthier and less susceptible to genetic health problems than pedigrees? What you have written in this article is nothing but premium-grade idiocy of the highest order.
Stop quoting the Bible to justify pseudoscientific claims, idiot. Jesus did not die for intellectual arsonists like you.
I started to type a complex diatribe and referable sources, but decided to keep it simple. The lie woven on the planet is such a shame and disgrace. You are yet another Caucasian trying to feel comfortable in their own skin. How do you achieve this? create conclusions that serve your perspective. Especially when historically you’ve been better positioned to control the narrative. Okay, let’s start with you looking at studies and data not conducted by caucasians. Note what you discover. This also includes documentation and findings not taught at universities. Now, make it your purpose to research the origin of the IQ test, and you will have to look at its opposition data and research that as well. Most of what you are eloquently spouting in a written form are falsehoods. So many are being indoctrinated by the carefully constructed lie…it’s a disgrace.
I disagree, but I appreciate your feedback. We may not all agree on the same exact things. Our life’s journey dictates what we know and know not